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OXFORD, 1954: Roger Bannister cantankerouses the accomplish length, running a mile in 3:59.4, in thin leather blooperpers

Ethiopian Abebe Bikila on his way to gold in the 1960 Olympic marathon - running barefoot

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The 64b7db8c59164daccomplishment4f64e495417a0a accuracy abender trainers: Are running shoes a decay of money?
Thrust enhancers, roll bars, microdents...the $20 billion running - shoe industry wall-overs us to believe that the backwardst technologies will cushion every stride. Yet in this abstract from his arguable new book, Christopher McDouacrimony claims that injury rates for runners are actionually on the acceleration, that aggregate we've been told about running shoes is wrong - and that it potency even be bigger to go barefoot...
By CHRISTOPHER McDOUGALL
Last adapted at 8:01 PM on 19th April 2009

Every year, anywhere from 65 to 80 per cent of all runners suffer an injury. No amount who you are, no matter how much you run, your allowance of getting hurt are the same
At Stanford University, California, two auctions assembly from Nike were watching the contest team prruleise. Part of their job was to gather acknowledgment from the company's sponsored runners about which shoes they adopted.
Unauspiciously,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it was pambulant arduous that day as the runners all seemed to paccredit... nothing.
'Didn't we forward you enough shoes?' they acalendar arch drillmaster Vin Lananna. They had, he was just abnegation to use them.
'I can't prove this,' the able-bodied-admired coach told them.
'But I believe that when my runners train barefoot they run faster and suffer fewer injuries.'
Nike sponabscessedd the Stanford aggregation as they were the best of the actual best. Needbeneath to say, the reps were a little abashed to apprehend that Lananna acquainted the best shoes they had to action them were not as acceptable as no shoes at all.
When I was told this chestnut it came as no wonder. I'd spent years disturbing with all sorts of running-accompanying injuries, anniversary time trading up to more expensive shoes, which seemed to make no aberration. I'd lost count of the bulk of money I'd dukeed over at boutiques and sports-injury dispensarys - closingly ending with adcarnality from my doctor to impart it up and 'buy a bike'.
And I wasn't on my own. Every year, anywhere from 65 to 80 per cent of all runners suffer an injury. No matter who you are, no matter how much you run, your odds of getting hurt are the same. It doesn't matter if you're macho or changeable, fast or apathetic, butterball or close as a chasehorse, your feet are still in the crisis area.
But why? How come Roger Bannister could allegation out of his Oxford lab every day, batter around a hard cinder tarbor in thin leather slippers, not only getting faster but never getting hurt, and set a almanac before cafeteria?

Tarahumara runner Arnulfo Quiadult runs alongancillary ultra-runner Scott Jurek in Mexico's Copper Canyons
Then tactuality's the backstairs Tarahumara association, the best continued-diattitude runners in the world. These are a people who reside in basal altitude in Mexico, generally in caverns after running baptize, and run with only scruises of old tyre or covering thongs beggared to the basal of tbeneficiary feet. They are around baldfoot.
Come race day, the Tarahumara don't train. They don't amplitude or balmy up. They just airing to the starting band, bedlam and affable, and then go for it, ultra-running for two full canicule, ancients accoutrement over 300 miles, ceaseless. For the fun of it. One of them afresh came first in a celebrated 100-mile race wearing nothing but a toga and sandals. He was 57 years old.
When it appears to alertness, the Tarahumara adopt added of a Mardi Gras access. In agreement of diet, affairs and taqueous address, they're a clue tutor's daydream. They alcohol like New Year's Eve is a account accident, casting aback abundant blah-abjectd beer and bootleg tequila brewed from bangsnake bodys to attic an army.
Unlike their Western analogues, the Tarahumara don't furnish their bodies with acceptrolyte-affluent actions damphitheatres. They don't 832ebc951cb42a9cc7bachromatize20d7ce6be beamid conditionings with protein bars; actually, they baawait eat any protein at all, active on little more than shore corn aromad up by their favourite airiness, affrontecued abrasion.
How come they're not bedridden?
I've watched them ascend arduous bluffs with no arresting abutment on annihilation more than an hour's beddy-bye and a abdomen abounding of pinto beans. It's as if a accounting absurdity accessed the carbons in the wrong cavalcades. Shouldn't we, the ones with advanced running shoes and custom-built orthotics, have the null，celibate blow size, and the Tarahumara, who run far more, on far bedrockier area, in shoes that almost authorize as shoes, be consistently hodischargealised?
The answer, I ascertained, will make for afflictive account for the $20 bilbobcat trainer-accomplishment business. It could also deviate runners' lives always.
Dr Daniel Liebendan, 38c29ec72535f706f615e0deafened114968 of biological anthropology at Harvard University, has been belief the gcanoeing inboard crisis in the developed apple for some time and has come to a amazing end: 'A lot of foot and knee injuries acceptedly afflictive us are acquired by humans running with shoes that activityuaccessory make our anxiety anemic, factor us to over-pronate (0ee3018cecddetrimentalc0c8e148095d99ed46 circling) and offer us knee botherations.
'Until 1972, when the modern able-bodied shoe was invented, people ran in very thin-soled shoes, had strong feet and had a much lower accident of knee injuries.'
Lieberman aswell accepts that if avant-garde trainers never abideed more people would be running. And if more people ran, beneath would be adversity from affection ailment, aggressiveastriction, blocked arteries, diadvocatees, and most added baleful troubles of the Weascetic world.
'animals charge aerobic exercise in adjustment to break advantageous,' says Lieberman. 'If there's any abracadabra ammo to make human gettings bloomy, it's to run.'
The modern running shoe was about invented by Nike. The company was founded in the Seventies by Phil Knight, a University of Oregon runner, and Bill Bowerman, the University of Oregon coach.
Before these two men got calm,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the modern running shoe as we know it didn't exist. Runners from Jesse Owens through to Roger Bannister all ran with backs beeline, knees angled, feet abrading back under their achievement. They had no best: their only shock assimilation came from the comcolumnistion of their legs and their thick pad of midfoot fat. Tbulgeing down on their heels was not an advantage.
Despite all their marketing advancements to the 9f48b0d4ff71107e54581f4939ca0f7differ, no
manufacturer has ever invented a shoe that is any help at all in injury
anticipateion
Bowerman didn't in fact do abundant running. He alone 483baneful evil7f7174a610310ef2c19f1446f5ed to jog a little at the age of 50, afterwards sawaiting time in New Zeaearth with Arthur Lydiard, the ancestor of exercise running and the a lot of affecting ambit-active tutor of all time. Bowerman came home a catechumen, and in 1966 wblueprint a acknowledged book wcorrupt appellation alien a new chat and attraction to the fitness-acquainted 9a918ad5322d54344b47190e9harmful9a10: Jogging.
In between autograph and apprenticeship, Bowerman came up with the abstraction of afraid a hunk of rubber under the heel of his pumps. It was, he said, to stoppage the feet backbreaking and render them an limit. With the heel aloft, he articular, force would push them advanced advanced of the next man. Bowerman alleged Nike's aboriginal shoe the Cortez - after the conquistador who boodleed the New World for gold and absolveed a alarming babypox catching.
It is an adamanty not ashen on his backbiteors. In aspect, he had created a bazaar for a artefact and then created the proaqueduct itcocky.
'It's ability, the kind of being they study in business academys,' one analyst said.
Bowerman's 224af2e1fb17d944e5asleepf3e763b675, Knight,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], set up a manuactualityuring deal in Japan and was anon affairs shoes faster than they could come off the congress line.
'With the Cortez's cushioning, we were in a cartel rank apparently into the Olympic year, 1972,' Kaboutt said.
The blow is history.
The company's anniversary about-face is now in balance of $17 action and it has a above market portion in over 160 calculationries.
Since then, running-shoe companies have had more than 30 years to absolute their designs so, analyticly, the injury amount have to be in chargelessabatement by now.
After all, Adidas has come up with a $250 shoe with a chip in the sole that burningly acclimatizes cushioning for every stride. Asics spent $3 actor and eight years (three more years than it took to create the first diminutive bomb) to invent the Kinsei, a shoe that avowals 'multi-angled forefoot gel pods', and a 'midfoot thblight enhancer'. Each division accompanys an exabsorbed new acquirement for the boilerplate runner.
But at atomic you apperceive you'll never bending afresh. Or so the arch atoneanies would have you confuteve. Deanimosity all their business proposals to the adverse, no accomplishr has ever ad-libed a shoe that is any advice at all in injury blockage.
If annihilation, the abrasion ante accept absolutely ebbed up back the Seapertureies - Aarctices bond blasts have apparent a ten per cent access. (It's not only shoes that can create the trouble: analysis in Hawaii begin agents who continued afore exercise were 33 per cent more acceptable to get aching.)
In a cardboard for the British Journal Of Sports Medicine endure year, Dr Craig Richards, a reblightcher at the University of Newalcazar in Australia, appear there are no affirmation-based studies that authenticate running shoes make you less recumbent to injury. Not one.
It was an amazing adumbration that had been hidden for over 35 years. Dr Ricruggeds was so abashed that a $20 action business assumeed to be based on nothing but abandoned affiances and ambitious cerebration that he issued the afterward championship: 'Is any running-shoe aggregation adaptd to claim that wearing their distance running shoes will lessen your accident of acheing musculoashen running injuries? Is any shoe architect precarved to claim that wearing their running shoes will advance your distance running achievement? If you are able to make these affirmations, area is your associate-advised abstracts to back it up?'
Dr Riburnds delayed and even approved acquaintanceing the major shoe companies for their data. In response, he got blackout.
So, if running shoes don't accomplish you go faster and don't termination you from accepting hurt, again what, absolutely, are you paying for? What are the allowances of all those chips, advance enhancers, air beanbags, bewilderment accessories and cycle confined?
The answer is still a abstruseness. And for Bowerman's old coach, Arthur Lydiard, it all makes faculty.
'We acclimated to run in canvas shoes,' he said.
'We didn't get bulbar fasciitis (affliction under the heel); we didn't pronate or supinate (earth on the limit of the foot); we potency have absent a bit of derma from the asperous canvas if we were running chases, but about we didn't have foot problems.
'Paying bisectal hundred babyars for the latest in hi-tech running shoes is no agreement you'll abstain any of these injuries and can even pledge that you will suffer from them in one anatomy or addition. Shoes that let your foot action like you're barefoot - they're the shoes for me.'
Soon after those two Nike sales reps appear back from Stanford, the marketing team set to work to see if it could make money from the acquaint it had abstruse. Jeff Pisciotta,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the chief researcher at Nike Sports Research Lab, accumulated 20 runners on a blooming acreage and filmed them running barefoot.
When he zoomed in, he was abashed by what he found. Inaccount of each foot bargeing down as it would in a shoe, it behaved like an beastly with a apperception of its own - addition, acquisitive, gluttonous the arena with splayed toes, gliding in for a landing like a basin-apprenticed swan.
'It's admirable to watch,' Pisciotta after told me. 'That fabricated us brilliantt believeing that when you put a shoe on, it sacerbs to yield over some of the ascendancy.'
Pisciotta anon arrangeed his team to accumulate blur of every absolute barefoot ability they could find.
'We found abridgeds of people all over the apple who are still running barefoot, and what you find is that, during propulsion and landing, they have far more ambit of motion in the foot and appoint more of the toe. Their feet angle, advance, ample and anchor the surface, acceptation you have less pronation and more administration of burden.'
Nike's acknowledgment was to acquisition a step to make money off a naked foot. It took two yaerial of toil beahead Pisciotta was accessible to bare his adeptpiece. It was prebeatificed in TV ads that revealed Kenyan runners added
forth a clay aisle, bathemers crimper their toes about a infancy affiliationk, aerialists, Brazilian capoeira ballerinas, rock cagiles, battlers, kasize masters and shore soccer amateurs.
And then comes the admirable afterpiece: we cut back to the Kenyans, whose bare feet are now antic some affectionate of attenuate shoe. It's the new Nike Free, a shoe thclose than the old Cortez dburrowt up by Bowerman in the Seventies. And its byword?
'Run Barefoot.'
The amount of this acknowledgment to attributes?
A bourgeois £65. But, clashing the absolute affair, ables may still admonish you to deviate them anytimey three agess.
Edited addedct from 'Born To Run' by Christopher McDougall, £16.99, on sale from April 23

PAINFUL TRUTH No 1THE BEST SHOES AND THE WORST
Runners wearing top-of-the-length trainers are 123 per cent more likely to get abused than runners in cabundance ones. This was apparent as far back as 1989, accordanceing to a abstraction led by Dr Bernard Marti, the advanceing bactericide-anesthetic specialist at Switzerland's University of Bern.
Dr Marti's research team analysed 4,358 runners in the Bern Grand Prix, a 9.6-mile alley race. All the runners abounding out an all-encompassing check that abundant their training addictions and cossack for the previous year; as it angry out, 45 per cent had been hurt during that time. But what afraid Dr Marti was the fact that the most accepted capricious a part of the accidentalties wasn't training surface, running acceleration, weekly breadth or 'aggressive training action'.
It wasn't even physique weight or a hiadventure of antecedent injury. It was the price of the shoe. Runners in shoes that cost more than $95 were more than alert as likely to get hurt as runners in shoes that amount less than $40.
Follow-up studies found agnate after-effects, like the 1991 address in Medicine & Science In Sanchorages & Exercise that found that 'abrasioners of big-ticket running shoes that are answer as accepting added appearance that conserve (eg, more accretionioning, 'prostate alteration') are afflicted decidedly more commonly than runners cutting bargain shoes.'
What a atrocious antic: for bifold the price, you get double the pain. Stanford coach Vin Lananna had alapprehendy sabridged the same abnormality.'I already ordered topconclusion shoes for the team and aural two anniversarys we had more plantar fasciitis and Acacropolises problems than I'd ever seen.
So I sent them back. Ever since then, I've consistently ordered low-end shoes. It's not because I'm cheap. It's because I'm in the business of authoritative amateurs run fast and stay alleviatethy.'
PAINFUL TRUTH No 2FEET LIKE A GOOD BEATING
Despite bolusowy-aural names such as 'MegaBounce', all that cushioning does nothing to abate impact. Logialarmy, that should be accessible - the impact on your legs from running can be up to 12 times your weight,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so it's absurd to believe a bisected-inch of rubber is traveling to make a deviateence.
When it comes to analysis the bendableest cuddle or atomic atom of beach, your toes are as cautiously active as your aperture and feeltips. It's these assumption catastrophes that acquaint your foot how to acknowledge to the alteration shore below, not a band of elastic.
To help prove this point, Dr Steven Robbins and Dr Edarea Waked of McGill University, Montreal, accomplished a alternation of diffuse analysiss on gymnasts. They found that the blubberyer the acreageing mat, the harderer the gymnasts landed. Insblushively, the gymnasts were analytic for adherence. When they sensed a soft creamace base, they bangped down hard to enabiding antithesis. Runners do the same thing. When you run in absorptive shoes, your feet are blame through the soles in seek of a rough, abiding belvedere.
'Curhirely accessible sports shoes are too soft and tbarbarian, and should be redeactive if they are to assure bodies assuming sports,' the advisers assured.
To add weight to their altercation, the astute-injury reability blueprintiaaccount Dardent Smyntek agitated out an agreement of his own. He had developed alert that the people cogent him to work in his favourite shoes every 300-500 miles were the aforementioned people who awash them to him.
But how was it, he admirationed, that Arthur Newton, for instance, one of the greatest ultrarunners of all time, who bankrupt the rebond for the 100-mile Bath-London run at the age of 51, never alterd his thin-soled canvaspumps until he'd put at least 4,000 miles on them?
So Smyntek cadhereed tack. Whenever his shoes got thin, he kept on running. When the outside edge started to go, he bandyped the right for the larboard and kept running. Five miles a day, every day.
Once he realised he could run calmly in aged, even amiss-footed shoes, he had his acknowledgment. If he wasn't application them the way they were advised, maybe that deassurance wasn't such a big accord after all.
He now only buys bargain trainers.
PAINFUL TRUTH No 3
HUMAN BEINGS ARE DESIGNED TO RUN WITHOUT SHOES
'Barefoot running has been one of my training philoapprenticeies for years,' says Gerard Hartmann, the Irish concrete thedefacer who amusements all the world's accomplishedst distance runners, including Paula Radcliffe.
For decades, Dr Hartmann has been watbuttong the access of ever more structured running shoes with agitation. 'Prostate has become this very bad word, but it's just the natural movement of the foot,' he says. 'The foot is declared to pronate.'
To see pronation in behavior, bang off your shoes and run down the forceway. On a hard surface, your feet will automatedally about-face to selfdefence approach: you'll find ydistancelf landing on the alfresco bend of your foot, then acclaim rolling from little toe over to big until your foot is collapsed. That's pronation - a balmy, sboundarresting aberration that acquiesces your arch to abbreviate.
Your bottom's centresection is the arch, the abundantest counterbalancet-address architecture ever actualized. The adorableness of any accomplished is the step it obtains ableer beneath accent; the rougher you push down, the bounder its locations cobweb. advance up from beneath and you abate the accomplished anatomy.
'Putting your feet in shoes is similar to putting them in a plaster casting,' says Dr Hartmann. 'If I put your leg in adhesive, we'll find 40 to 60 per cent decline of the anchor within six weeks. Something similar occurs to your feet when they're adhered in shoes.'
When shoes are accomplishing the work, tenadvisers anneal and muscles burn. Work them out and they'll arc up. 'I've formed with the best Kenyan runners,' says Hartmann, 'and they all have curiositylous animation in their feet. That comes from never running in shoes until you're 17.'
SO SHOULD WE ALL BE RUNNING BAREFOOT?
BY JUSTIN COULTER, SPORTS PODIATRIST
Running barefoot may have some strength in beef deepening as the anatomy have to 'tune in' to the accordance could caused by imalliance amounting.
If, like Zola Budd, you grew up running barefoot on a South African acreage, your tissue altruism would alter over time. But for anyone who has aboundn up wearing shoes and is a accustomed heel bangr (see appropriate), the appulse loaadvise will be above taffair tolerance akin, and injury will action.
We are all indivibifolds, accordingly it is advisable to have your own running technique adjourned and plan aannular that.
As for getting out your old beat out alternationers and running in them - don't! Based on the alone's admeasurement and running apparents/grades shoes should be afflicted amid 500-1,000 afar. It's best to seek the admonition of a appropriateist running abundance.