 Wysłany: Sob 2:48, 27 Lis 2010 Temat postu: ghd styler 75xNutrition for Everyone Basics Iron |
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| After your child is one year old, render no more than three 8 ounce servings of whole cow, goat, or soy milk per day. After your child is 2 years old, low fat or nonfat milks should be used in place of whole milks. Vitamin D-fortified milk is a good source of calcium and vitamin D, but not iron. offer your child a diet with iron-rich foods such as iron-fortified breads and iron-fortified cereals and lean meats. See Dietary Sources of Iron Include fruits, vegetables or juices that are rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C helps your child absorb non-heme iron especially when the food that is a source of non-heme iron and the vitamin C-rich food are eaten at the same meal. See Dietary Sources of Vitamin C.
Iron deficiency can delay normal infant motor function (normal behavior and movement) or mental function (normal insisting and modeing skills).3-6 Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can increase risk for small or early (preterm) babies.7-8 Small or early babies are more likely to have health troubles or die in the first year of life than infants who are born full term and are not small. Iron deficiency can cause fatigue that impairs the ability to do physical toil in adults.9-10 Iron deficiency may also affect memory or other mental function in teens.11 What causes iron deficiency? Source: USDA/HHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 Nutrient values from Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. Foods are from ARS single nutrient reports, sorted in falling order by nutrient content in terms of common household measures. Food items and weights in the single nutrient reports are adapted from those in the 2002 revision of USDA Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72, Nutritive Value of Foods. Mixed dishes and multiple preparations of the same food item have been omitted from this table. Again, it is important to be diagnosed by your healthcare provider because iron deficiency can have causes that aren't related to your diet. Your healthcare provider's presentations will be specific to your needs. What can I do to prevent iron deficiency? Sometimes other blood tests are used to confirm that anemia is due to iron deficiency. These might include Too little iron can impair body functions, but most physical signs and symptoms do not show up unless iron deficiency anemia occurs. Someone with early stages of iron deficiency may have no signs or symptoms. This is why it is important to screen for too little iron among high risk groups. Pregnant women Signs of iron deficiency anemia include12 Dietary Sources of Vitamin C Complete blood count (to look at the number and volume of the red blood cells) Serum ferritin (a measure of a stored form of iron) Serum iron (a measure of the iron in your blood) Transferrin saturation (a measure of the transported form of iron) Transferrin receptor (a measure of increased red blood cell production) How is iron deficiency treated? If you are found to have an iron deficiency, it is important to see your healthcare provider for treatment. Your treatment will depend on factors such as your age, health, and cause of iron deficiency. If your doctor or health care provider believes that you have iron deficiency she or he may prescribe iron supplements for you to take and then ask that you return after a period to have your hemoglobin or hematocrit tested. If your healthcare provider determines that the iron deficiency is due to a diet low in iron, you potency be told to eat more iron-rich foods. Your health care provider may also prescribe an iron supplement for you. *This value is an Adequate Intake (AI) value. AI is used when there is not enough information known to set a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Source: Dietary Reference Intakes, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.* (PDF-86k) Eat iron-rich foods. See Dietary Sources of Iron. Eat foods that are vitamin C sources. Vitamin C helps your body absorb non-heme iron especially when the food that is a source of non-heme iron and the vitamin-C rich food are eaten at the same meal. See Dietary Sources of Vitamin C below. Eat lean red meats, poultry, and fish. The iron in these foods is easier for your body to absorb than the iron in plant foods. Talk to your doctor about taking an iron supplement. How much iron do I need? In general, you can eat a healthful diet that includes good sources of iron. A healthful diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat free or nonfat milk and milk products, lean meats, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts, and is low in satusized fat, trans fats, cholesterol, salt, and added sugars. Source: USDA/HHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005 Nutrient values from Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. Foods are from ARS single nutrient reports, sorted in descending order by nutrient content in terms of common household measures. Food items and weights in the single nutrient reports are adapted from those in the 2002 revision of USDA Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72, Nutritive Value of Foods. Mixed dishes and multiple preparations of the same food item have been omitted from this table. Food sources of vitamin C are ranked by milligrams (mg) of vitamin C per standard amount; also calories in the proclamation amount. (All amounts listed supply 20% or more of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 90 mg/day for adult men.) Feeling tired and weak Decreased work and school performance Slow cognitive and social development during childhood Difficulty asserting body temperature Decreased immune function, which increases susceptibility to infection Glossitis (an inflamed tongue) How is iron deficiency detected? What is iron deficiency and why is it a concern? References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iron deficiency – United States, 1999–2000. MMWR 2002;51:897–899. Akman M, Cebeci D, Okur V, Angin H, Abali O, Akman AC. The impacts of iron deficiency on infants' advanceal test performance. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Oct;93(10):1391–6. Friel JK, Aziz K, Andrews WL, Harding SV, Coufury ML, Adams RJ. A double-masked, randomized control trial of iron supplementation in early inpassion in healthy term breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 2003 Nov;143(5):582–6. Lozoff B, De Andraca I, Castillo M, Smith JB, Walter T, Pino P. Behavioral and evolutional effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):846–54. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2S–2):649S–666S; discussion 666S–668S. Ronnenberg AG, Wood RJ, Wang X, Xing H, Chen C, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Wang L, Xu X. Preconception hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations are associated with pregnancy outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. J Nutr. 2004 Oct;134(10):2586–91. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Fischer RL, Shearer JW. Anemia vs iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 May;55(5):985–8. Brownlie T 4th, Utermohlen V, Hinton PS, Haas JD. Tissue iron deficiency without anemia impairs adaptation in endurance capacity after aerobic training in previously untrained women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):437–43. Haas JD, Brownlie T 4th. Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a importante rescene of the research to determine a causal relationshipship. J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2S–2):676S–688S; discussion 688S–690S. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet. 1996 Oct 12;348(9033):992–6. US National Library of Medicine, NIH. Iron deficiency anemia. Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH. Dietary supplement fact sheet. Available online: Iron deficiency has many causes. (See table below for a summary). These causes fall into two main categories: Iron deficiency is a concern because it can: Eat iron-rich foods. See Dietary Sources of Iron. Eat foods that are vitamin C sources. Vitamin C helps your body absorb non-heme iron especially when the food that is a source of non-heme iron and the vitamin C-rich food are eaten at the same meal. See Dietary Sources of Vitamin C. Eat lean red meats, poultry, and fish. The iron in these foods is easier for your body to absorb than the iron in plant foods. 1. Increased iron needs Many common conditions can cause people to need additional iron: Adolescent girls and women of childbearing age The terms anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia often are used interdeviateably but equivalent. Iron deficiency ranges from depleted iron stores without functional or health impairment to iron deficiency with anemia, which affects the functioning of several organ systems.2 Iron from meat, poultry, and fish (i.e., heme iron) is absorbed two to three times more efficiently than iron from plants (i.e., non-heme iron). The amount of iron absorbed from plant foods (non-heme iron) depends on the other types of foods eaten at the same meal. Foods containing heme iron (meat, poultry, and fish) enhance iron absorption from foods that contain non-heme iron (e.g., fortified cereals, some beans, and spinach). Foods containing vitamin C (see Dietary Sources of vitamin C) also enhance non-heme iron absorption when eaten at the same meal. Substances (such as polyphenols, phytates, or calcium) that are part of some foods or drinks such as tea, coffee, whole grains, legumes and milk or dairy products can lessen the amount of non-heme iron absorbed at a meal. Calcium can also decrease the amount heme-iron absorbed at a meal. However, for healthy individuals who consume a varied diet that conforms to the Dietary Guidelengths for Americans, the amount of iron inhibition from these substances is usually not of nexus. Veobtainarian diets are much less heme iron, but careful meal planning can help increase the amount of iron absorbed. Some other factors (such as taking antacids beyond the recommended dose or medicine used to treat peptic ulcer sickness and acid reflux) can abate the amount of acid in the stomach and the iron absorbed and factor iron deficiency. Who is most at risk? Young children and pregnant women are at higher risk of iron deficiency because of rapid growth and higher iron needs. Adolescent girls and women of childbearing age are at risk due to menstruation. Among children, iron deficiency is seen most often between six months and three years of age due to rapid growth and inadequate intake of dietary iron. Infants and children at highest risk are the following groups: Babies who were born early or small. Babies supplyn cow's milk before age 12 months. Breastfed babies who after age 6 months are not being affordn plain, iron-fortified cereals or another good source of iron from other foods. Formula-fed babies who do not get iron-fortified formulas. Children aged 1�5 years who get more than 24 ounces of cow,ghd hair 49dWrought Iron Gate And Railings - Creat, goat, or soymilk per day. Excess milk intake can decrease your child's desire for food items with greater iron content, such as meat or iron fortified cereal. Children who have special health needs, for example, children with chronic infections or restricted diets. Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency In addition to a healthful diet that includes good sources of iron,ghd styler, you can also eat foods that help your body absorb iron better. For example, you can eat a fruit or vegetable that is a good source of vitamin C (see table on Dietary Sources of vitamin C) with a food or meal that contains non-heme iron (see table below for Dietary Sources of Iron). Vitamin C helps your body absorb the non-heme iron foods you eat, especially when the food containing non-heme iron and the vitamin-C rich food are eaten at the same meal. 2. Decreased iron intake or absorption (not enough iron taken into the body) The amount of iron absorbed from the diet depends on many factors: Iron overload is the accumulation of excess iron in body tissues. Hemochromatosis is the disease resulting from vital iron overload. Hemochromatosis can have genetic and non-genetic causes. For more information, see Iron Overload and Hemochromatosis Iron deficiency is a condition resulting from too little iron in the body. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and the leading cause of anemia in the United States.1 Young children (aged 1–5 years) aHigh in cholesterol. The folloearng information is altered from: Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States. MMWR 1998;47 (No. RR-3) p. 5 What is iron and why do we need it? Food Sources of Iron ranked by milligrams of iron per standard amount; also calories in the standard amount. (All amounts listed provide 10% or more of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for teenage and adult females, which is 18 mg/day.) Because of their rapid growth, infants and toddlers need more iron than older children. Sometimes it can be rough for them to get enough iron from their normal diet. Women who are pregnant have higher iron requisition. To get enough, most women must take an iron supplement as recommended by their healthcare provider. When people lose blood, they also lose iron. They need extra iron to replace what they have lost. Increased blood loss can occur with heavy menstrual periods, frequent blood dostate, as well as with some stomach and intestinal grades (food sensitivity, hookworms) NOTE: Your browser does not support JavaScript or support has been turned off. Increased Iron Needs Decreased Iron Intake and Absorption Rapid growth Pregnancy Blood loss Heavy menstrual periods Frequent blood donation Some stomach and intestinal conditions (food sensitivity, hookworms) Lack of heme iron sources in the diet (e.g., vegetarian diets) Low absorption Taking antacids beyond the recommended dose or medicine used to treat peptic ulcer disease and acid reflux can reduce the amount of iron absorbed in the stomach. Iron and Iron Deficiency Hemoglobin test (a test that measures hemoglobin which is a protein in the blood that carries oxygen) Hematocrit test (the percentage of red blood cells in your blood by volume) These tests reveal how much iron is in your body. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels usually aren't decreased until the later stages of iron deficiency, i.e., anemia. For more information about iron, see this fact sheet about iron. (NIH) *These are non-heme iron sources. To improve absorption, eat these with a vitamin-C rich food. Iron is a section of many enzymes and is used in many cell functions. Enzymes help our bodies digest foods and also help with many other important reactionions that occur within our bodies. When our bodies don't have enough iron, many characters of our bodies are affected. Dietary Sources of Iron If you have already been diagnosed with iron deficiency, talk to your doctor or healthcare provider about treatment. For healthy individuals, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iron is listed in the following table. The following recommendations are for specific groups who are at greater risk for iron deficiency. Babies Your doctor or healthcare provider will do blood tests to screen for iron deficiency. No single test is used to diagnose iron deficiency. The most common tests for screening are If possible, breastfeed your baby for at least 12 months and starting at 4 to 6 months of age, provide your baby plain, iron-fortified infant cereal and/or pureed meat. Just two or more servings a day can meet a baby's iron needs at this age. Meats should be home prepared or commercially prepared plain pureed (chopped until smooth in a blender) meats. When your baby is about 6 months of age, include a feeding per day of foods rich in vitamin C with foods that are rich in non-heme iron to improve iron absorption. If you can't breastfeed, use iron-fortified formula. Don't impart low-iron milks (e.g. cow's milk, goat's milk, and soy milk) until your baby is at least 12 months old. If your baby was born early or small, talk to your doctor about giving iron drops to your baby. If your baby can't get two or more servings per day of iron rich foods (such as iron-fortified cereal or pureed meats), talk to your doctor about giving iron drops to your baby. Iron Overload and Hemochromatosis Iron is a mineral needed by our bodies. Iron is a part of all cells and does many things in our bodies. For example, iron (as part of the protein hemoglobin) carries oxygen from our lungs throughout our bodies. Having too little hemoglobin is called anemia. Iron also helps our muscles store and use oxygen. Food Sources of iron are ranked by milligrams of iron per standard amount; also calories in the standard amount. (All amounts listed provide 10% or more of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for teenage and adult females, which is 18 mg/day.) |
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